Greek Alphabet Table | Greek Characters
Click on a letter to get its Unicode, LaTeX, HTML entity, and SVG source code. Includes 60 Greek letters (Ancient/Modern Greek common). Provides standard pronunciation (Pinyin), covering mathematics, physics, engineering, and other fields.
📐 About the Greek Alphabet
Complete collection of 60 Greek letters (upper/lower case), providing standard Pinyin pronunciation, Unicode encoding, LaTeX commands, and HTML entities.
The Greek alphabet is one of the earliest writing systems to feature vowels. Derived from the Phoenician alphabet, it later became the source for the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. The modern Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters and is widely used in mathematics, physics, astronomy, chemistry, engineering, economics, and computer science. This page not only includes all 24 standard Greek letters (including upper and lower case) but also several historical variants or special symbols (e.g., ϛ, ϟ, ϡ). Greek letter pronunciations (annotated with Pinyin) help Chinese speakers quickly master the standard pronunciation of each letter, improving academic communication and self-learning efficiency. Below are the technical parameters, usage scenarios, and pronunciations for each Greek character in alphabetical order.
🔤 Standard Greek Letters (24)
Α α (Alpha / ā ěr fǎ) : Alpha is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. Uppercase Α Unicode is U+0391, lowercase α is U+03B1. In LaTeX, type \\Alpha for uppercase and \\alpha for lowercase. HTML entities are Α for uppercase and α for lowercase. In physics, α often represents angular acceleration or the fine-structure constant; in mathematics, it represents an angle or coefficient. Pay attention to the first-syllable stress in its pronunciation.
Β β (Beta / bèi tǎ) : Beta is the second Greek letter. Uppercase Β (U+0392), lowercase β (U+03B2). LaTeX commands: \\Beta and \\beta. HTML entities: Β and β. In finance, β coefficient measures a stock's systematic risk; in physics, β often represents beta particles or beta decay.
Γ γ (Gamma / gā mǎ) : Gamma is the third letter. Uppercase Γ (U+0393), lowercase γ (U+03B3). LaTeX: \\Gamma and \\gamma. HTML entities: Γ and γ. In mathematics, the Gamma function generalizes the factorial; in physics, γ often represents photons or the Lorentz factor.
Δ δ (Delta / dé ěr tǎ) : Delta is the fourth Greek letter. Uppercase Δ (U+0394), lowercase δ (U+03B4). LaTeX: \\Delta and \\delta. HTML entities: Δ and δ. In mathematics, Δ represents the discriminant or finite increment, while δ represents a small change (e.g., in calculus of variations).
Ε ε (Epsilon / āi pǔ xī lóng) : Epsilon is the fifth letter. Uppercase Ε (U+0395), lowercase ε (U+03B5), also a variant ϵ (U+03F5). LaTeX: \\Epsilon and \\varepsilon (variant: \\epsilon). HTML entities: Ε, ε. In mathematical analysis, ε is commonly used to represent an arbitrarily small positive number.
Ζ ζ (Zeta / zé tǎ) : Zeta is the sixth letter. Uppercase Ζ (U+0396), lowercase ζ (U+03B6). LaTeX: \\Zeta and \\zeta. HTML entities: Ζ and ζ. The Riemann zeta function (ζ function) is extremely important in complex analysis.
Η η (Eta / yī tǎ) : Eta is the seventh letter. Uppercase Η (U+0397), lowercase η (U+03B7). LaTeX: \\Eta and \\eta. HTML entities: Η and η. In physics, η often represents efficiency or viscosity.
Θ θ (Theta / xī tǎ) : Theta is the eighth letter. Uppercase Θ (U+0398), lowercase θ (U+03B8), also a variant ϑ (U+03D1). LaTeX: \\Theta and \\theta (variant \\vartheta). HTML entities: Θ, θ. In trigonometry, θ often represents an angle; in thermodynamics, θ represents the Debye temperature.
Ι ι (Iota / yuē tǎ) : Iota is the ninth letter. Uppercase Ι (U+0399), lowercase ι (U+03B9). LaTeX: \\Iota and \\iota. HTML entities: Ι and ι. In mathematics, ι sometimes represents an injection or inclusion map.
Κ κ (Kappa / kǎ pà) : Kappa is the tenth letter. Uppercase Κ (U+039A), lowercase κ (U+03BA). LaTeX: \\Kappa and \\kappa. HTML entities: Κ and κ. In statistics, κ represents the kappa coefficient (for inter-rater agreement).
Λ λ (Lambda / lán bù dǎ) : Lambda is the eleventh letter. Uppercase Λ (U+039B), lowercase λ (U+03BB). LaTeX: \\Lambda and \\lambda. HTML entities: Λ and λ. In mathematics, λ often represents eigenvalues or wavelength; in programming, a λ expression denotes an anonymous function.
Μ μ (Mu / miù) : Mu is the twelfth letter. Uppercase Μ (U+039C), lowercase μ (U+03BC). LaTeX: \\Mu and \\mu. HTML entities: Μ and μ. In physics, μ represents magnetic permeability, micro (one-millionth); in statistics, it represents the population mean.
Ν ν (Nu / niǔ) : Nu is the thirteenth letter. Uppercase Ν (U+039D), lowercase ν (U+03BD). LaTeX: \\Nu and \\nu. HTML entities: Ν and ν. In physics, ν represents frequency or neutrinos.
Ξ ξ (Xi / kè xī) : Xi is the fourteenth letter. Uppercase Ξ (U+039E), lowercase ξ (U+03BE). LaTeX: \\Xi and \\xi. HTML entities: Ξ and ξ. In mathematics, ξ often represents a random variable or a complex variable.
Ο ο (Omicron / ōu mǐ kè róng) : Omicron is the fifteenth letter. Uppercase Ο (U+039F), lowercase ο (U+03BF). LaTeX: \\Omicron and \\omicron. HTML entities: Ο and ο. Its shape is similar to the Latin letter 'o', but its meaning is different.
Π π (Pi / pài) : Pi is the sixteenth letter. Uppercase Π (U+03A0), lowercase π (U+03C0). LaTeX: \\Pi and \\pi. HTML entities: Π and π. The mathematical constant π (pi, approx. 3.14159) is the most famous mathematical constant.
Ρ ρ (Rho / róu) : Rho is the seventeenth letter. Uppercase Ρ (U+03A1), lowercase ρ (U+03C1). LaTeX: \\Rho and \\rho. HTML entities: Ρ and ρ. In physics, ρ represents density or resistivity.
Σ σ (Sigma / xī gé mǎ) : Sigma is the eighteenth letter. Uppercase Σ (U+03A3), lowercase σ (U+03C3), and a word-final form ς (U+03C2). LaTeX: \\Sigma and \\sigma (word-final \\varsigma). HTML entities: Σ, σ, ς. In mathematics, Σ represents the summation symbol.
Τ τ (Tau / táo) : Tau is the nineteenth letter. Uppercase Τ (U+03A4), lowercase τ (U+03C4). LaTeX: \\Tau and \\tau. HTML entities: Τ and τ. In physics, τ represents torque or time constant; in mathematics, τ sometimes replaces π (2π).
Υ υ (Upsilon / yǔ pǔ xī lóng) : Upsilon is the twentieth letter. Uppercase Υ (U+03A5), lowercase υ (U+03C5). LaTeX: \\Upsilon and \\upsilon. HTML entities: Υ and υ. In particle physics, υ represents the upsilon meson.
Φ φ (Phi / fú ài) : Phi is the twenty-first letter. Uppercase Φ (U+03A6), lowercase φ (U+03C6), and variant ϕ (U+03D5). LaTeX: \\Phi and \\phi (variant \\varphi). HTML entities: Φ, φ. In mathematics, φ represents the golden ratio (approx. 1.618); in engineering, it represents phase angle.
Χ χ (Chi / kǎi) : Chi is the twenty-second letter. Uppercase Χ (U+03A7), lowercase χ (U+03C7). LaTeX: \\Chi and \\chi. HTML entities: Χ and χ. In statistics, the χ² test (chi-squared test) is very famous.
Ψ ψ (Psi / pǔ xī) : Psi is the twenty-third letter. Uppercase Ψ (U+03A8), lowercase ψ (U+03C8). LaTeX: \\Psi and \\psi. HTML entities: Ψ and ψ. In quantum mechanics, ψ represents the wave function.
Ω ω (Omega / ào mǐ gā) : Omega is the twenty-fourth letter. Uppercase Ω (U+03A9), lowercase ω (U+03C9). LaTeX: \\Omega and \\omega. HTML entities: Ω and ω. In physics, ω represents angular velocity; in electrical engineering, it represents ohms.
📜 Historical Variants & Additional Symbols
Ϝ ϝ (Digamma / dí gǎ mǎ) : Digamma is an ancient Greek letter representing the number 6. Uppercase Ϝ (U+03DC), lowercase ϝ (U+03DD). LaTeX: \\Digamma and \\digamma. HTML entities: Ϝ and ϝ. Mainly used in paleography, historical documents, and numeral representation.
Ϛ ϛ (Stigma / sī tí gé mǎ) : Stigma also represents the number 6, commonly used in Greek numerals. Uppercase Ϛ (U+03DA), lowercase ϛ (U+03DB). LaTeX: \\Stigma and \\stigma. HTML entities: Ϛ and ϛ.
Ϟ ϟ (Koppa / kē pà) : Koppa represents the number 90. Uppercase Ϟ (U+03DE), lowercase ϟ (U+03DF). LaTeX: \\Koppa and \\koppa. HTML entities: Ϟ and ϟ.
Ϡ ϡ (Sampi / sāng pí) : Sampi represents the number 900. Uppercase Ϡ (U+03E0), lowercase ϡ (U+03E1). LaTeX: \\Sampi and \\sampi. HTML entities: Ϡ and ϡ.
📌 Notes on Using Greek Letters
First, in LaTeX math mode, Greek letters are italicized by default (e.g., $\alpha$). If you need upright letters, use the \mathrm or \textup commands. Second, some letters have multiple variants (e.g., ε/ϵ, θ/ϑ, π/ϖ), so choose carefully for semantic consistency. Third, the pronunciation of Greek letters might vary slightly between countries. The Pinyin provided here represents a compromise based on modern Greek and English conventions. Fourth, HTML entities might not be supported for high code points in older browsers; it's recommended to also provide numeric entities. Fifth, in programming, Greek letters are often replaced by their LaTeX commands or English spellings (e.g., alpha, beta) to avoid encoding issues. Sixth, when copying SVG source code, ensure font support; "Segoe UI Symbol" and "Noto Sans" render Greek letters well. Seventh, the information on this page is suitable for academic writing, technical typesetting, teaching materials, and quick symbol lookups.
💡 Usage Tips
Click on any Greek letter card to open a details panel. In the panel, you can copy the letter's Pinyin pronunciation, Unicode encoding, LaTeX command (for math typesetting), HTML entity, generate its SVG vector code, or download a 512×512 transparent background PNG image. If you need to use Greek letters in academic papers, presentations, or design projects, it's recommended to use LaTeX commands for the best typesetting results. For web development, HTML entities or direct pasting (ensuring the page encoding is UTF-8) is suggested. Remembering the standard pronunciation of each Greek letter aids precise verbal communication and efficient memorization. The Pinyin provided on this page serves as a reliable reference.
❓ Frequently Asked Questions · Greek Letter Input/Pronunciation/Meaning
Quickly master how to input Greek letters, standard pronunciations, and common meanings.
\sigma / \Sigma; HTML entity: σ or Σ.\mu; HTML entity: μ. You can also type "mu" and let your input method convert it.\epsilon (ε) or \varepsilon (lunate epsilon); Entity: ε; Windows Alt code: 949.\tau; HTML entity: τ; Greek keyboard: Press T.\theta; HTML: θ; Windows Alt code: 952.$\alpha$ $\beta$ .... ③ Character Map / Emoji panel (Win+.). ④ Copy symbols directly from this page.\varepsilon has a more rounded, lunate style.\eta; HTML entity: η; Greek keyboard: Press H.\alpha; Alt code: 945; Greek keyboard: Press A.\lambda; HTML entity: λ; Windows: Alt+955.\omega (lowercase), \Omega (uppercase); Entities: ω / Ω.\delta / \Delta; Alt code: 948.\theta; HTML entity: θ.\Omega, HTML Ω; Lowercase: \omega, entity ω.$\alpha$ $\beta$ $\gamma$ ...; In Word, use "Insert → Symbol → Greek Letters" or switch to a Greek keyboard.\beta; Alt code: 946; HTML: β.\gamma / \Gamma; Entities: γ / Γ; Alt code: 947.