Superscript & Subscript Symbols

This page features a total of 89 superscript and subscript symbols, encompassing superscript digits, subscript digits, superscript letters, subscript letters, mathematical operator scripts, and special modifier marks. These characters are essential in mathematical formulas, chemical equations, physical units, programming comments, and academic papers. They serve as the foundation for expressing exponents, chemical compositions, variable indices, and footnote markers. Below is a detailed introduction to each symbol's technical parameters and common use cases.

🔢 Superscript Digits

⁰ is called superscript zero. It is often used in mathematics to represent the zeroth power or as a placeholder index. Its Unicode is U+2070, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{0}, and the HTML entity is ⁰. Note that in mathematical mode, ^0 is typically used instead. ¹ is called superscript one. One of the most frequently used superscript digits, it represents the first power or a variant form of footnote marker ①. Its Unicode is U+00B9, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{1}, and the HTML entity is ¹. This symbol looks similar to the ASCII character ^1 on screen but has a completely different encoding. ² is called superscript two. Commonly used for squaring, such as in the area unit m². Its Unicode is U+00B2, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{2}, and the HTML entity is ². It is one of the most frequently typed Unicode superscripts from a keyboard. ³ is called superscript three. Commonly used for cubing, such as in the volume unit m³. Its Unicode is U+00B3, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{3}, and the HTML entity is ³. Together with the squared symbol, it is indispensable in scientific calculations. ⁴ is called superscript four. Mostly used in higher-order power operations. Its Unicode is U+2074, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{4}, and the HTML entity is ⁴. Since it cannot be typed directly on a keyboard, it is usually copied from character maps or this page. ⁵ is called superscript five. It often appears in polynomial degree expressions. Its Unicode is U+2075, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{5}, and the HTML entity is ⁵. ⁶ is called superscript six. Its Unicode is U+2076, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{6}, and the HTML entity is ⁶. It may be encountered in scientific notation for numbers exceeding one hundred thousand. ⁷ is called superscript seven. Its Unicode is U+2077, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{7}, and the HTML entity is ⁷. ⁸ is called superscript eight. Its Unicode is U+2078, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{8}, and the HTML entity is ⁸. The byte unit 2^8 corresponds exactly to this symbol. ⁹ is called superscript nine. It is the last independent digit superscript. Its Unicode is U+2079, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{9}, and the HTML entity is ⁹. Usage frequency is lower than squared or cubed but is common in expanded expressions.

🔢 Subscript Digits

₀ is called subscript zero. It is often used in chemical formulas to indicate the number of atoms or as a sequence starting index. Its Unicode is U+2080, the LaTeX command is \textsubscript{0}, and the HTML entity is ₀. ₁ is called subscript one. A similar usage can be seen in chemical formulas like H₂O. Its Unicode is U+2081, the LaTeX command is \textsubscript{1}, and the HTML entity is ₁. Care must be taken to distinguish it from the regular digit 1. ₂ is called subscript two. It is the core component of molecular formulas like H₂O and CO₂. Its Unicode is U+2082, the LaTeX command is \textsubscript{2}, and the HTML entity is ₂. It is the most commonly used subscript symbol. ₃ is called subscript three. Commonly seen in chemical formulas like ammonia NH₃ or phosphoric acid H₃PO₄. Its Unicode is U+2083, the LaTeX command is \textsubscript{3}, and the HTML entity is ₃. ₄ is called subscript four. Its Unicode is U+2084, the LaTeX command is \textsubscript{4}, and the HTML entity is ₄. It is used in complex organic compounds like butane C₄H₁₀. ₅ is called subscript five. Its Unicode is U+2085, the LaTeX command is \textsubscript{5}, and the HTML entity is ₅. ₆ is called subscript six. Its Unicode is U+2086, the LaTeX command is \textsubscript{6}, and the HTML entity is ₆. Commonly found in macromolecules like glucose C₆H₁₂O₆. ₇ is called subscript seven. Its Unicode is U+2087, the LaTeX command is \textsubscript{7}, and the HTML entity is ₇. ₈ is called subscript eight. Its Unicode is U+2088, the LaTeX command is \textsubscript{8}, and the HTML entity is ₈. ₉ is called subscript nine. Its Unicode is U+2089, the LaTeX command is \textsubscript{9}, and the HTML entity is ₉. Although less commonly used in subscript sequences, it does exist as an independent encoding.

🔤 Superscript Letters

ᴬ is called superscript capital A. It is used to indicate a certain index or special marker. Its Unicode is U+1D2C. In LaTeX, \textsuperscript{A} can be used, and its HTML entity is ᴬ. Note that this is a character from the Phonetic Extensions block, not a regular letter. ᴮ is called superscript capital B. Its Unicode is U+1D2E, and its HTML entity is ᴮ. It is often used as a tone or stress marker in phonetics. ᴰ is called superscript capital D. Its Unicode is U+1D30, and its HTML entity is ᴰ. ᴱ is called superscript capital E. Its Unicode is U+1D31, and its HTML entity is ᴱ. It often appears in the superscript position of abbreviations or unit symbols. ᴳ is called superscript capital G. Its Unicode is U+1D33, and its HTML entity is ᴳ. ᴴ is called superscript capital H. Its Unicode is U+1D34, and its HTML entity is ᴴ. It is used in German consonant markings. ᴵ is called superscript capital I. Its Unicode is U+1D35, and its HTML entity is ᴵ. French surname abbreviations like d'I are sometimes presented in superscript form. ᴶ is called superscript capital J. Its Unicode is U+1D36, and its HTML entity is ᴶ. ᴷ is called superscript capital K. Its Unicode is U+1D37, and its HTML entity is ᴷ. ᴸ is called superscript capital L. Its Unicode is U+1D38, and its HTML entity is ᴸ. It is often used to denote a specific qualified version or variant. ᴹ is called superscript capital M. Its Unicode is U+1D39, and its HTML entity is ᴹ. Commonly seen in variants of the trademark symbol ™. ᴺ is called superscript capital N. Its Unicode is U+1D3A, and its HTML entity is ᴺ. ᵃ is called superscript lowercase a. Its Unicode is U+1D43, and its HTML entity is ᵃ. In mathematics, this style is visually adopted when expressing "a to the power of a". ᵇ is called superscript lowercase b. Its Unicode is U+1D47, and its HTML entity is ᵇ. ᶜ is called superscript lowercase c. Its Unicode is U+1D9C, and its HTML entity is ᶜ. It is used in physics formulas to mark constants. ᵈ is called superscript lowercase d. Its Unicode is U+1D48, and its HTML entity is ᵈ. It is often used for variant representations of the differential symbol dx. ᵉ is called superscript lowercase e. Its Unicode is U+1D49, and its HTML entity is ᵉ. This symbol is frequently needed in powers of the natural constant e. ᶠ is called superscript lowercase f. Its Unicode is U+1DA0, and its HTML entity is ᶠ. ᵍ is called superscript lowercase g. Its Unicode is U+1D4D, and its HTML entity is ᵍ. ʰ is called superscript lowercase h, commonly known as the aspiration symbol. It is an important component of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Its Unicode is U+02B0, and its HTML entity is ʰ. It is indispensable when indicating aspiration in voiceless consonants. ⁱ is called superscript lowercase i. It is an elegant form of the imaginary unit i. Its Unicode is U+2071, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{i}, and the HTML entity is ⁱ. ʲ is called superscript lowercase j. Its Unicode is U+02B2, and its HTML entity is ʲ. It often appears in IPA transcriptions of Russian palatalized consonants. ᵏ is called superscript lowercase k. Its Unicode is U+1D4F, and its HTML entity is ᵏ. ˡ is called superscript lowercase l. Its Unicode is U+02E1, and its HTML entity is ˡ. It is a common marker in Greenlandic and many phonological studies. ᵐ is called superscript lowercase m. Its Unicode is U+1D50, and its HTML entity is ᵐ. ⁿ is called superscript lowercase n. It is often used to indicate nasalized vowels or the nth term in mathematics. Its Unicode is U+207F, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{n}, and the HTML entity is ⁿ. ᵒ is called superscript lowercase o. Its Unicode is U+1D52, and its HTML entity is ᵒ. It can be seen in variants of Germanic surnames like Jørgen. ᵖ is called superscript lowercase p. Its Unicode is U+1D56, and its HTML entity is ᵖ. ʳ is called superscript lowercase r. Its Unicode is U+02B3, and its HTML entity is ʳ. It is commonly used to mark retroflex or rhotic endings. ˢ is called superscript lowercase s. Its Unicode is U+02E2, and its HTML entity is ˢ. It is occasionally seen in variants of the English possessive contraction 'd. ᵗ is called superscript lowercase t. Its Unicode is U+1D57, and its HTML entity is ᵗ. ᵘ is called superscript lowercase u. Its Unicode is U+1D58, and its HTML entity is ᵘ. ᵛ is called superscript lowercase v. Its Unicode is U+1D5B, and its HTML entity is ᵛ. ʷ is called superscript lowercase w. It is commonly used to indicate labialized consonants. Its Unicode is U+02B7, and its HTML entity is ʷ. It holds significant status in historical linguistics and phonetics. ˣ is called superscript lowercase x. Its Unicode is U+02E3, and its HTML entity is ˣ. It is a marker for certain Nordic dialect phonetic features. ʸ is called superscript lowercase y. Its Unicode is U+02B8, and its HTML entity is ʸ. ᶻ is called superscript lowercase z. Its Unicode is U+1DBB, and its HTML entity is ᶻ.

🔡 Subscript Letters

ₐ is called subscript lowercase a. It is used in mathematics to represent the a-th term of a sequence. Its Unicode is U+2090, and its HTML entity is ₐ. ₑ is called subscript lowercase e. It often represents an error term or an electron subscript. Its Unicode is U+2091, and its HTML entity is ₑ. ₕ is called subscript lowercase h. In physics, it often appears in formulas related to Planck's constant. Its Unicode is U+2095, and its HTML entity is ₕ. ᵢ is called subscript lowercase i. It represents a summation index or array index. Its Unicode is U+1D62, and its HTML entity is ᵢ. ⱼ is called subscript lowercase j. It is used together with i to indicate the position of a matrix element. Its Unicode is U+2C7C, and its HTML entity is ⱼ. ₖ is called subscript lowercase k. It is mostly used as an iteration counter. Its Unicode is U+2096, and its HTML entity is ₖ. ₗ is called subscript lowercase l. Its Unicode is U+2097, and its HTML entity is ₗ. Note the visual distinction from the digit 1. ₘ is called subscript lowercase m. It is often used to represent mass or a modal quantity. Its Unicode is U+2098, and its HTML entity is ₘ. ₙ is called subscript lowercase n. It is the key symbol for the general term aₙ of a sequence. Its Unicode is U+2099, and its HTML entity is ₙ. In LaTeX, \textsubscript{n} is usually used. ₒ is called subscript lowercase o. It indicates a zeroth-order or baseline term. Its Unicode is U+2092, and its HTML entity is ₒ. ₚ is called subscript lowercase p. It often represents a proton or pressure-related subscript. Its Unicode is U+209A, and its HTML entity is ₚ. ᵣ is called subscript lowercase r. It represents a relative or reference quantity. Its Unicode is U+1D63, and its HTML entity is ᵣ. ₛ is called subscript lowercase s. It labels a surface or sample. Its Unicode is U+209B, and its HTML entity is ₛ. ₜ is called subscript lowercase t. It serves as a time subscript. Its Unicode is U+209C, and its HTML entity is ₜ. ᵤ is called subscript lowercase u. It is often used in xᵤ to represent a set of unknown variables. Its Unicode is U+1D64, and its HTML entity is ᵤ. ᵥ is called subscript lowercase v. Its Unicode is U+1D65, and its HTML entity is ᵥ. ₓ is called subscript lowercase x. It is the subscript form of the variable x. Its Unicode is U+2093, and its HTML entity is ₓ. It is extremely common in statistical regression equations.

➕ Operator & Special Modifiers

⁺ is called superscript plus. It is used to mark positive ions or positive charges. Its Unicode is U+207A, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{+}, and the HTML entity is ⁺. Na⁺ in chemistry is a typical use case. ⁻ is called superscript minus. It marks negative ions or the base of a negative exponent. Its Unicode is U+207B, the LaTeX command is \textsuperscript{-}, and the HTML entity is ⁻. Cl⁻ is a representative application of this symbol. ⁼ is called superscript equals. It can be used as an annotation marker in derived formulas. Its Unicode is U+207C, and its HTML entity is ⁼. ⁽ is called superscript left parenthesis. Its Unicode is U+207D, and its HTML entity is ⁽. It is used in conjunction with the right parenthesis when expressing superscript tuples. ⁾ is called superscript right parenthesis. Its Unicode is U+207E, and its HTML entity is ⁾. ₊ is called subscript plus. Its Unicode is U+208A, and its HTML entity is ₊. It occasionally appears in chemical disproportionation reactions. ₋ is called subscript minus. Its Unicode is U+208B, and its HTML entity is ₋. ₌ is called subscript equals. Its Unicode is U+208C, and its HTML entity is ₌. ₍ is called subscript left parenthesis. Its Unicode is U+208D, and its HTML entity is ₍. ₎ is called subscript right parenthesis. Its Unicode is U+208E, and its HTML entity is ₎. ™ is called the trademark symbol. It is a common superscript commercial mark. Its Unicode is U+2122, the LaTeX command is \texttrademark, and the HTML entity is ™. ® is called the registered trademark symbol. It also appears in superscript form. Its Unicode is U+00AE, the LaTeX command is \textregistered, and the HTML entity is ®. © is called the copyright symbol. Its Unicode is U+00A9, the LaTeX command is \textcopyright, and the HTML entity is ©. ° is called the degree symbol. It is used as a superscript for angles and temperature units. Its Unicode is U+00B0, the LaTeX command is \textdegree, and the HTML entity is °. It can be seen in 30° angles or 100°C. ¹, ², and ³ are often used as reference marks in footnote systems. When using them, be careful not to confuse them with mathematical exponentiation. It is recommended to auto-generate them via the "Insert Footnote" function in word processors to ensure numbering continuity and hyperlink functionality.

📌 Usage Notes for Script Symbols

When using superscript and subscript symbols, several key points should be noted. First, ² and ³ have comprehensive keyboard support and HTML entity names, but other digit superscripts must be entered via Unicode encoding or copied from this page. Second, in LaTeX, it is recommended to use the \textsuperscript{} and \textsubscript{} commands to produce script effects rather than relying on the Unicode script characters themselves, in order to avoid font fallback issues. Third, subscripts in chemical formulas should preferably use the HTML <sub> tag or LaTeX math mode _{} instead of Unicode subscript characters, so as to maintain good semantic structure. Fourth, phonetic scripts like ᵗ and ʰ may display as tofu boxes in regular text fonts; it is recommended to use fonts like "Segoe UI Symbol" or "Noto Sans" that support Unicode Phonetic Extensions. Fifth, in web accessibility design, script symbols may be ignored or misread by screen readers; it is advisable to provide complete text descriptions with the aria-label attribute. Sixth, for complex multi-level scripts like ₓᵢ, it is recommended to use SVG or LaTeX rendered images to ensure display consistency. Seventh, in full-width environments, script symbols may disrupt monospaced layout effects and should be used cautiously in programming code comments. Eighth, some older email clients do not support Unicode scripts, and using these symbols in email signatures may cause garbled text. The above precautions can help you correctly use script symbols in various scenarios, enhancing the accuracy and readability of professional documents.

💡 Usage Tips

If you need to copy the Unicode, LaTeX command, or HTML entity for a specific script symbol, simply click the corresponding symbol card above, and then click the desired item in the popup detail panel to copy it in one click. Each symbol can generate SVG vector source code or be downloaded as a 512×512 pixel transparent background PNG image, making it convenient for use in presentations, design drafts, or teaching materials. When writing academic papers or technical documents, it is recommended to use LaTeX commands for the best typesetting results, especially for complex nested superscripts and subscripts, where LaTeX's math mode can automatically handle alignment and spacing.